The livelihoods framework is a way of looking at the complexity of people's livelihoods, especially the livelihoods of the poor, whether they be rural or urban. In relation to livelihood security, take particular note of the distinction between income level, income stability (or regularity), and degrees of risk. One definition is presented in 2.2.2. ABSTRACT. Econ. Over 40% of the households that had returned home had benefited from assistance from their relatives and family (42%) and other sources (43%) while displaced. illustrates diversification as a rural livelihood strategy. (Table I). They represent, respectively, gradual and sudden change (have another look at the diagram above to see what these are). In the framework presented here, the outcomes of livelihood strategies are divided between the effects on livelihood security and the effects on environmental sustainability. They account for 14% of the total surveyed population. The results indicate that households that were displaced at the time of the survey were more likely to have relied on the production of charcoal to sustain themselves (26%) compared to less than 6 percent among those who returned home or elsewhere. Livelihood, Living Condition And Coping Strategies Among Older Persons. Table 5: Factors associated with livelihood groups. One can examine strategies from the perspective of an individual or from the perspective of a household, although, as we shall see later, there are problems with treating the 'household' as a unified decision-making unit pursuing a joint strategy with common goals. This analysis focuses on the combination of activities undertaken. There were differences between strata. Livelihood strategies may focus on increasing the range of assets to which a person or household has access, or on increasing access to particular types of capital. In Cotabato City, few households engaged in agriculture (2% compared to 45% or more elsewhere), but a larger than average proportion of households engaged in trade, transport, and skilled labor (27% compared to 12% or less elsewhere). We shall look more at these ideas in Section 3. The evolution of livelihood strategies was examined in Molas, a coastal village in North These researchers grouped livelihood strategies into three categories, namely farming activities, non-farming activities and agriculture, while Alemu grouped livelihood strategies into four categories, namely non-labour, agriculture, off farming and non-farming. A person's livelihood refers to their "means of securing the basic necessities of life". Poor people usually employ a mix of different 'strategies', especially when resources are to some extent pooled. ALTERNATIVE LIVELIHOODS WORKING GLOSSARY off-farmagricultural market system employment livelihood alternative livelihoods entrepreneurship youth self-employment livelihood diversification employability job creation on-farm job creation non-farm resilience The USAID Office of Food for Peace (FFP) 2016 – 2025 Food Assistance and Food Security Strategy reaffirms a “commitment to … The range and diversity of livelihood strategies are enormous. This was significantly more than households who resettled elsewhere (24% and 10% respectively), and households that were displaced at the time of the survey (19% and 29% respectively). Farmers, fishers, and those dependent on the exploitation of natural resources were generally characterized by poor income and asset ownership,low education of the household head, high dependency ratio and crowding factor, and poor access to services. Disaggregated by settlement status, 3 percent of the displaced households received at least some remittances compared to 10 percent among those returned home, and 14 percent among those resettled elsewhere and those never displaced. PeacebuildingData.org at the Harvard Humanitarian Initiative That is why in the livelihoods framework the latter is usually labelled along with livelihood security as an outcome variable rather than as an objective. Livelihood assets that encompass human, physical, social, natural, and financial assets are considered as dependent variables, while household livelihood strategies are independent variables. They are the main livelihood group (39%).In North Cotabato and Lanao del Sur, they account for 49% of the population. community level strategies and objectives that are pursued alongside, or in lieu of, traditional agricultural activities to diversify income streams and reduce risk. Skilled workers rely primarily on skilled employment (60%) and construction skilled employment (19%) to sustain their livelihood. They have on average the highest monthly income, at 13,750 PhP/month. They represent 7% of the population and are present throughout the study area. These factors influence not only what can be achieved with assets, but the access people have to them in the first place. Over half the households who identified themselves as having returned home after displacement were farmers (51%). The livelihood strategies and activities of poor people are often complex and diverse. They are also something people invest in so as to increase future flows of income/consumption. Social capital relates to the formal and informal social resources that people draw upon in pursuit of their livelihoods. When asked directly whether or not their household receives remittances, 12 percent of the households responded positively. In conventional economics such assets are usually known as factors of production and are typically subdivided into land (natural capital), labour (human capital) and capital (physical and financial capital). The sustainable livelihoods framework in 3.1.1 is an effort to conceptualise livelihoods in a holistic way, capturing the many complexities of livelihoods, and the constraints and … Rather this consists in maintaining over time a diversified portfolio of activities and in adjusting it according to contingencies in order to maximize return, spread risk, or achieve other household goals (see below). It is worth bearing in mind, however, that some of the trends listed here do offer opportunities as well as acting as a potential threat (eg technological change, national and world economic trends). livelihoods and livelihood enhancement and diversification as tools for rural development and poverty reduction. Such activities could include securing water, food, fodder, medicine, shelter, clothing. ), maintain or enhance its capabilities and assets, while not undermining the natural resource base”. The livelihoods framework offers a conceptualisation that can help outsiders work together with the poor to identify the priorities of the poor and associated opportunities and constraints. Figure 27: Distribution of livelihood profiles by settlement status. These fluctuations are often dramatic and can profoundly affect livelihood security (Devereux et al 2011) People's livelihood strategies are designed, where possible, to reduce seasonal income fluctuations and the associated vulnerability. Livelihood assets are something from which people derive a flow of income or consumption. In this unit, we adopt the classification used by Ellis (2000), which is based on the following. For this group, remittances contributed an average of 33 percent of the total livelihood activities. It seeks to understand the various dimensions of a person's livelihood; the strategies and objectives pursued, and associated opportunities and constraints. Other differences included the higher frequency of fishers in Maguindanao (20% compared to 7% or less elsewhere), and a higher proportion of day laborers in Sultan Kudarat (23% compared to 12% or less elsewhere.). For example, the category of 'social relations' overlaps to some extent with 'social capital' in the 'assets' box. Can you think of some examples of such trade-offs? Skilled workers account for 11% of the population and are most frequent in the urban area such as Cotabato City, where they account for 24% of the households. Figure 28: Economic activities undertaken while displaced. Seasonality refers to the fact that many rural livelihood strategies (especially in agriculture) result in seasonal fluctuations in income. The carrying capacity of pure pastoralist livelihood strategies only to attain food and livelihood security is extremely declining from time to time. 2.2.1 A framework for micro policy analysis of rural livelihoods. Livelihood diversification is defined as the process by which rural families construct a diverse portfolio of activities and social support capabilities in order to survive and to improve their standards of living. Among the 12 percent of households who received remittances, 62 percent indicated receiving remittances from women, and 42 percent indicated receiving remittances from men. Among all groups, farming is the most common activity. This is consistent with the finding that natural resources exploiters were more common among currently displaced households compared to the rest of the population. Trade contributes to an estimated 89% of their livelihood, and their average income is 6,700 PhP/month, just above average. Although the number of households concerned is too limited to provide a definitive answer, the results further suggests that displaced households mainly received remittances from Manila (67%), while the majority of the beneficiaries among the other groups received remittances from abroad (50% or more). These results suggest that day laborers are on average among the least wealthy households in terms of income, assets, and housing material. Most frequently, they reported relying during that experience on assistance from family and relatives (36%) or other sources (36%). membership of formal groups or organisations, informal social interactions in and outside the workplace, relationships of reciprocity, including gift exchange and mutual assistance. Farmers alone accounted for 39 percent of the population. Livelihood is defined as a set of activities essential to everyday life that are conducted over one's life span. They have an average income, of 5,400 PhP/month. There is a need to expound on the literature about these dimensions and assess how they impact on livelihood strategies and outcomes. The alternative livelihood group clustershouseholds that rely on remittances (31%) and a range of less frequent activities (24%) to support their livelihood. An individual may take on several activities to meet his/her needs. Since the emergence of the sustainable livelihoods definition proposed by Chambers and Conway (1992), sustainable livelihoods definitions and frameworks have proliferated (e.g., Hoon, Singh UNHCR and the ILO in partnership have carried out Note also that trends in a community or country may be made up increasing or decreasing shocks affecting individual people or livelihoods (for example increasing morbidity and mortality from HIV/AIDS may be a trend in a country but the onset of HIV/AIDS is a shock to those directly affected by it). Households who rely primarily on day labor (54%) or unskilled labor (19%) to support their livelihood, with an additional contribution from agriculture (13%). Note also that, whilst improved access to livelihood assets and the outcome of greater livelihood security (especially higher incomes, more stable incomes, and reduced risk) are usually important objectives in rural livelihood strategies, environmental sustainability may or may not be an objective. Better access to assets is a desirable outcome of any livelihood strategy. The independent variable livelihood strategy is a categorical variable that represents the five livelihood strategies identified (i. e. ‘three food crops, coffee and khat’, ‘three food crops and khat’, ‘two food crops, coffee and khat’, ‘two food crops and khat’, … Fishing contributes to an average of 70% of the livelihood amongthese households, with agriculture contributing an average of 16%. How effective an individual asset is in providing security will depend upon various factors, such as the functioning of markets, social relations, and others. Agric. Households in the survey were asked to name up to three livelihood activities, by order of importance. The natural resource exploiters group clustershouseholds that rely directly on the exploitation of natural resources to sustain their livelihood, including the sale and preparation of charcoal (38%), agriculture (22%), and livestock (17%). This category of influences comes under a variety of different headings. It should be fairly clear that all of the listed items can affect an individual's access to assets, although precisely how will obviously depend upon the situation being examined. An individual may take on several activities to meet his/her needs. Over the longer term, the variables in the 'livelihood security' box, the 'environmental sustainability' box, and the 'livelihood assets' box can act positively on each other, providing that appropriate livelihood strategies are adopted. For rural people, agriculture and other natural resource-based activities may play an important role, but rural households also diversify into other activities, some of which are linked to agriculture and the natural resources sector, others which are not. Bear in mind, however, that the institutions that enhance one person's productivity may constrain or diminish the productivity of others. A relatively unified 'household' will obviously be able to employ a wider range of strategies than an individual acting alone. Livelihood strategies aim at developing self-reliance. Livelihood strategies denote the range and combination of activities and choices (including on production and investment) made by households in order to sustain themselves and contribute to the economic capital of the household. They are found throughout the study area and represent 5% of the population. They have the second highest average income (8,350PhP / month). For rural people, agriculture and other natural resource-based activities may play an important role, but rural households also diversify into other activities, some of which are linked to agriculture and the natural resources sector, others which are not. Livelihood Key Programme Indicators List 2 A total of twenty-two (22) Key Livelihood Programme Indicators have been identified. As with any abstract model, the livelihoods framework is not entirely free of ambiguity, especially in relation to what is put in the various 'boxes' and the relationship the boxes have with each other. 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