The Anglo-Saxons, Viking hogback stone at West Kirby, Wirral Penninsula, Copyright © 2004 - 2018 www.englishmonarchs.co.uk All rights reserved �. After returning from exile at the court of Charlemagne in 802, he regained his kingdom of Wessex. Having made East Anglia its ground base, in 866 the Vikings captured York, and the following year defeated the army of Northumbria and put their protege Egbert I on the throne of this kingdom. This type of payment became known as Danegeld. Cnut was also a successful ruler and in firm control of … Three Icelandic sagas tell of an army that invaded England in 866, led by the sons of Ragnar Lodbrok. We know about them through archaeology, poetry, sagas and proverbs, treaties, and the writings of peo… The Vikings (from the Old Norse v�kingr) terrorised and later settled large areas of Europe from the late 8th to the 11th century. From 865 the Norse attitude towards the British Isles changed, as they began to see it as a place for potential colonisation rather than simply a place to raid. These include the words knife, beserk, ransack, club, window, lathe, plough and axle. His realm is often referred to as the North Sea Empire, or the Anglo-Scandinavian Union and Cnut was one of the most powerful rulers in Europe during the 11 th century. A large army of Danish Vikings landed on English shores in 865, led by Ivar, Halfdan and Guthrum. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Egbert (Ecgherht) was the first monarch to establish a stable and extensive rule over all of Anglo-Saxon... NORMAN KINGS. 10 Viking Kings And Their Epic Deeds. This cost King Aethelred of his throne. He was … When Cnut the Great died in 1035 he was a king of Denmark, England, Norway, and parts of Sweden. In 1066, another one of Rollo’s descendants, William, duke of Normandy, led a successful invasion of England. Two generations of his successors were to reign over England after him, before the Saxon line of kings was restored. Tostig refused to abandon his ally. The Vikings' homeland was Scandinavia: modern Norway, Sweden and Denmark. Born Erik Thorvaldsson in Norway, Erik the Red earned his nickname for his red hair and possibly his hot temper. There, he formed an alliance with Svein Estrithson, a claimant to the Danish throne, in an effort to combat King Magnus the Good, who ruled Norway and Denmark. Alfred the Great adopted the title of king of the Anglo-Saxons, and Aethelstan, king of the English. The powers and roles of queens – the wives of monarchs – evolved considerably through this period. This seems to fit with the Norwegian Vikings beating their fellow Scandinavians to the punch in expanding westwards, reaching Orkney by the 7th century CE. The other, under Guthrum, launched another attack on Wessex in 875. King John, John Lackland, reigned from 1199-1216, eventually lost Normandy to King Philip II of France. The King attempted compromise with his brother and sent a message offering to restore his Earldom, to which Tostig responded haughtily by asking what Harold was prepared to give Hardrada, "Seven feet of land for a grave" was Harold's defiant reply. After Erik’s father was banished from Norway for killing someone, he fled with his family to Iceland. Cnut dies in Shaftesbury, Dorset. Further raids followed, on 8th June 8, 793, the monastery on the island of Lindisfarne was attacked, its occupants murdered and the gold, jewellery and relics taken. A look at the entire history of Viking interaction with England, from the first famous raid on Lindisfarne in AD. The samples used in the study was compared with DNA taken from people in Scandinavia. 8 Eric Bloodaxe, The Last King Of Northumbria. When he died in 1035, his son Harold Harefoot became king of England, serving until his death in 1040. In around 980, Erik the Red founded a settlement on Greenland. Just a few weeks later, though, Edmund died and all of England came under Cnut’s rule; his reign there brought stability after years of raids and battles. The king puts the monk in charge of his treasury of ancient Roman relics and documents left over from Rome's domination of Britain centuries prior. Kings of Northumbria in the Norse era. [clarification needed] The Viking presence declined until 1066, when they lost their final battle with the English at Stamford Bridge. But his reigning time didn’t last long. It is said that when the four sons of Ragnar heard news of how their father had met his death, Hvitserk, who was playing chess gripped the piece so hard that blood issued from his finger nails. As a result they ceased their attacks and for a period of five years, peace reigned in Wessex. 7 Sictric Caech And The Battle Of Islandbridge. They found that the current rulers were in the midst of an ongoing civil war. Most people have heard of the Danish king of England, Canute (Cnut the Great) who according to legend, tried to command the waves. Photo credit: Wikmedia Commons. In 850 a further army, failing to follow the usual pattern of returning home over winter, encamped on the Isle of Thanet in the Thames estuary. A line was drawn which ran north-westwards from London to Chester and Guthrum defining an area, north of this line which was termed the Danelaw. Generally considered the first European to set foot on the North American continent, Leif got there nearly 500 years before Christopher Columbus. After becoming a wealthy, accomplished military commander, he returned to Scandinavia by the mid-1040s. Monasteries were a favoured target due to the riches which were contained in them. Alfred accepted the Danish colonisation of much of England. From hit-and-run attacks, the Vikings gradually assembled the larger military troops who aimed higher. Instead, Olaf’s forces were defeated, he was killed and Harald went into exile, eventually doing a stint as a mercenary for Jaroslav the Wise, grand prince of Kiev. In 1000, Olaf was ambushed by his rivals in a battle at sea; however, instead of surrendering, he supposedly jumped over the side of his ship, never to be seen again. Harold Harefoot became king of England after Cnut's death, and Viking rule of England ceased. In western Norway, where land that did not try to kill you or your crops was a bit scarce, a search for new land may have been a small push factor. The death of Harald Hardrada at the Battle of Stamford Bridge. In the countries they raided and settled, the period is known as the Viking Age, and the term 'Viking… Less than a month after that, Norman invaders led by William the Conqueror defeated the English at the Battle of Hastings, during which Harold Godwinson was killed. The following year, Olaf used his loot to invade Norway and was made king after its ruler, Hakon the Great, was murdered. The Viking chief Ragnar Lodbrok, a legendary Norse hero, was captured by Aella of Northumbria and thrown alive into a pit of adders. Harald’s life was an almost constant adventure from a young age. There wasn't a country called “England” before Egbert so earlier rulers of the land now called “England” were not English monarchs. In 991, Olaf led a Viking invasion of England, which resulted in a victory at the Battle of Maldon. Sweyn Forkbeard (reign 1013) The Vikings' homeland was Scandinavia: modern Norway, Sweden and Denmark. From Erik the Red, who founded Greenland’s first Norse settlement, to Cnut the Great, who ruled a vast empire in northern Europe, find out about six fascinating figures of the Viking Age. This period saw the establishment of many trading cities that still exist today. As king, Olaf forced his subjects to convert to Christianity; before that, most Scandinavians were pagans who worshipped a number of gods. The first large Danish army landed on the coast of East Anglia in 865, led by Ivar and Halfdan, the sons of the Danish king Ragnar Lodbrok. They started territorial conquests around Europe. After leaving home, he sailed west to a vast, uncharted island he eventually dubbed Greenland in an effort to entice future settlers. The Kentish people offered payment known as Danegeld to hold off the ferocious attacks. A Viking ship from Gokstad. There, Erik himself was accused of manslaughter, leading to his exile from Iceland around 982. English Kings SAXON KINGS. They were valiantly opposed by the Saxon king Alfred of Wessex and his successors of the House of Wessex. Modern genetic research reveals that a genetic inheritence from the Vikings remains in some parts of the population of Britain . Harald’s life was an almost constant adventure from a young age. Canutes reign and deeds were told of in Norse poetry, and was portrayed as a fierce Viking warrior; in the Knýtlinga Saga, Canute was exceptionally tall and strong, and the recognised of men, all except for his nose, that was thin, high set and rather hooked. They withdrew again in 877 and began to colonise Mercia. In 911, under the Treaty of St. Claire-sur-Epte, Charles the Simple, king of the West Franks, gave Rollo part of the area now called Normandy (for Northman’s land) in an effort to have him protect it from other Viking raiders. Guthrum converted to Christianity with Alfred standing as godfather to his erstwhile enemy. The following day, Olav, the son of Hardrada gave himself up to the English, along with the Earl of Orkney. This peace was not likely to last for any considerable length of time and was at best a temporary measure. 1066: End of an era. What exactly motivated the Vikings to set sail for Ireland (or the British Isles in general), though, is subject to ongoing debate. Canute or Cnut the Great was born circa 985 to 995 AD and was the son of King Sweyn Forkbeard. Harald Hardrada is known as the last Norse king of the Viking Age and his death at the Battle of Stamford Bridge in 1066 CE as the defining close of that period. Also known as William the Bastard (but not normally to his face! He was finally killed by Björn, avenging Ragnar's death. Battle commenced when the Saxons attacked the Norwegian shield wall, which despite repeated attempts, they failed to penetrate. EGBERT 827 – 839Egbert (Ecgherht) was the first monarch to establish a stable and extensive rule over all of Anglo-Saxon England. However, Harald ditched the partnership with Svein in 1046 when Magnus decided to make him a co-ruler of Norway. [clarification needed] The Viking presence declined until 1066, when they lost their final battle with the English at Stamford Bridge. Vikings were the seafaring Norse people from southern Scandinavia (present-day Denmark, Norway and Sweden) who from the late 8th to late 11th centuries raided, pirated, traded and settled throughout parts of Europe, and explored westward to Iceland, Greenland, and Vinland. Harald went on to fight Svein for years, but despite winning the majority of the battles Harald (whose nickname Hardrada translates as hard ruler) opted to make peace with his adversary in 1064 and give up his claims to Denmark. Harald Hardrada is known as the last Norse king of the Viking Age and his death at the Battle of Stamford Bridge in 1066 CE as the defining close of that period. Harthacnut, Cnut’s other son (from his marriage to Aethelred’s widow) then ascended to the throne, but his death in 1042 marked the end of Danish rule in England. The Vikings went global. This list may not reflect recent changes (). The site of this battle is still a matter of debate (e.g. Beowulf is set in pagan Scandinavia, but it is also imbued with Christian ideas.In contrast, the later Norse sources usua… Sweyn Forkbeard turned the death of his sister into a reason to declare war on King Aethelred. They started territorial conquests around Europe. Erik the Red. The early history of the kings of Wessex is for the most part clouded, with names available, but the histories behind them largely lost. His two sons, born of different mothers, squabble over the control of England. This list of kings and queens of the Kingdom of England begins with Alfred the Great, who initially ruled Wessex, one of the seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms which later made up modern England. Ælle (or Aella) was the spiteful and vindictive saxon King of Northumbria. It was written as a single epic, combining three or four stories and probably using Vergil’s Aeneid as its model. Erik the Red’s reputation is probably one of the most bloodthirsty among all of … The Vikings went global. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle ruefully records fearful omens in the year 793, lightning, high winds, flying dragons, famine, "and a little after that, in the same year, on 8 June, the ravages of the heathen men miserably destroyed God's church on Lindisfarne with plunder and slaughter." In 871, King Alfred the Great of Wessex became the only king to record a decisive victory against a Danish Viking army in England. Following Erik’s death Greenland’s Norse communities continued on before being abandoned in the 14th and 15th century. He had a fair complexion nonetheless, and a fine thic… After this, the Danes settled north of Wessex in an area that became known as Danelaw. The Vikings in Britain: a brief history The Viking Age. A Viking first occupied the English throne in 1013, when Sweyn Forkbeardsuceeded in wrenching the crown from the feeble grip of Alfred's descendant, the ineffectual Ethelred the Redeless. Richard the Lionheart ruled Normandy and England 1189-1216. In 886, Alfred garnered his resources and managed to retake the city of London, but Viking raids continued. Jarrow was invaded in 794 and Iona in 795, 802 and 806. In this blog post, we are to discover four Viking kings that ruled England back in the Viking Age. A grandson of Harald Fairhair, the first king to unite Norway, Olaf was born around 968 and is thought to have been raised in Russia following the death of his father. Olaf’s actions earned him enemies, among them his onetime ally Svein Forkbeard, who wanted to restore Danish rule in Norway, and Erik of Hladir, son of Hakon. Later that year, after Cnut defeated him at the Battle of Ashingdon, Edmund signed a treaty that gave Cnut power over part of England. All Rights Reserved. This Viking leader, whose origins were either Danish or Norwegian, began conducting raids on France in the ninth century. One part, under Halfdan, marched north to Yorkshire where they settled permanently. Charles II is, in my view, the wittiest monarch in English history. It also confirms that the Vikings settled in large numbers in the Shetland and Orkney Islands and the far north of the Scottish mainland. When Cnut the Great died in 1035 he was a king of Denmark, England, Norway, and parts of Sweden. One of our sources is the Old English epic Beowulf (c. 675–700), which harkens back to the techniques of oral poetry but was created as a work of written literature. Around 1000, Leif sailed off in search of territory that had been spotted years earlier by an Icelander named Bjarni Herjolfsson when his vessel blew off course on the way to Greenland. On hearing of the news, King Harold gathered an army and marched to meet them at Stamford Bridge in Yorkshire. This list may not reflect recent changes (). Several years later, Erik returned to Iceland and organized a fleet of 25 ships that carried colonists back to Greenland (only 14 vessels survived the journey), where they founded two main settlements in 986. 1017: Viking conqueror. In this blog post, we are to discover four Viking kings that ruled England back in the Viking Age. A royal official mistook them for merchants and was killed whilst attempting to request that they to accompany him to the king's manor to pay a trading tax on the goods they were bringing into England. Viking weapons and tools have been uncovered in Newfoundland, Canada. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. He formed an imposing Danish North Sea empire in about 1000 and conquered England in 1013, only a year before his death. The Great Viking Army of Ivar the Boneless, which was known to the Anglo-Saxons as mycel heathen here, landed in East Anglia in the year 865, from there they marched north through Mercia to York, known to the Anglo-Saxons as Eoforwic, which was captured by the Great Viking Army in November 866 and became the capital of the Viking … FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. 10 Harald Fairhair, The First King Of Norway. William the Conqueror, as he became known, went on to serve as king of England until 1087. The only authenticated Norse settlement in North America was discovered in the early 1960s on the northern tip of Newfoundland at a site called L’Anse aux Meadows; artifacts found there date to around 1000. Thanks in part to the recent TV series, Ragnar Lodbrok is one of the most famous Viking figures. At first depressing series of defeats at the hands of the Vikings continued unabated and Alfred was forced into a strategy of buying them off. A grandson of Harald Fairhair, the first king to unite Norway, Olaf was born around 968 and is thought to have been… In 835 a fleet of Viking longboats sailed up the Thames estuary and ravaged the Isle of Sheppey. As a result of this, larger armies began arriving on Britain's shores, with the intention of conquering land and constructing settlements there. A Viking first occupied the English throne in 1013, when Sweyn Forkbeard suceeded in wrenching the crown from the feeble grip of Alfred's descendant, the ineffectual Ethelred the Redeless. The kings of Northumbria in the Norse era variously controlled Jórvík, the former Deira, from its capital York or the northern part of the kingdom, the former Bernicia, from Bamburgh.The southern kings were usually vikings while the northern rulers were Anglo-Saxons. To many Vikings in the second half of the 9 th century, Alfred the Great, the King of Wessex, was that foe.. Alfred the Great is largely considered responsible for repelling Danish Vikings raids of England in the last 30 years of the … A Viking army led by Olaf Guthfrithson, allied with the kings of Scotland and Strathclyde, invaded Northumbria in 937 AD. At the battle of Ethendun in 878, Saxon forces soundly defeated the Vikings lead by Guthrum and peace was concluded by the terms of the Treaty of Wedmore. Bjorn gripped his spear so tightly that he left an impression in it and Sigurd who was trimming his nails cut straight through to the bone. Athelstan is tasked with interpreting and preserving the many scrolls of Roman parchment. Pages in category "Viking Age monarchs" The following 36 pages are in this category, out of 36 total. Ragnar's eldest son, known as Ivar the Boneless, was bent on vengeance, and later met Aella in battle, capturing him and sentenced him to a painful death in accordance with the custom of Rista Blodorn (Blood eagle) which entailed cutting the ribs of the victim out and removing the lungs, spreading them over the body. Wessex was savagely attacked for the third time in 878 and Alfred was driven into hiding at Athelney in the Somerset marshes, he remained there with his ally, Athelnoth, Ealdorman of Somerset and others of his thegns, and biding his time. Having made East Anglia its ground base, in 866 the Vikings captured York, and the following year defeated the army of Northumbria and put their protege Egbert I on the throne of this kingdom. 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