RTI is a process that aims to identify kids who are struggling in school and uses targeted teaching to help them catch up. Some kids may have undiagnosed learning and attention issues. information, please review the Terms and curriculum-based measurement Intervention specialists are pushed beyond their expertise. In some schools, the majority of students need Tier 1 instructional support because their reading and math skills are not at grade level. an evaluation for special education services, which students are eligible for special education. • It is an option that can be used to identify students who have learning disabilities. An RTI process cannot be used to deny or delay a formal evaluation for special education. This can open the door to individualized teaching, Two of her children have learning differences. If your child’s school doesn’t automatically give you a written plan, you can ask for one. As part of the RTI process, schools help struggling students by using teaching interventions that researchers have studied and shown to be effective. Participants 872 The Three-Tier Model is described below. To know if it’s helping, the school needs data. If you look inside any general education classroom, chances are good that you’d see different students struggling for different reasons. It’s a systematic way of measuring progress and providing more support to kids who need it. Response to intervention, or RTI, is a process that helps schools support students' academic success. One way to understand this tiered system is to think of it as a pyramid, with the intensity of support increasing from one level to the next.[1]. The progress students make at each stage of intervention is closely monitored. But each assessment only takes a few minutes to complete. Universal screenings are brief, content-focused assessments given to … The school frequently assesses your child’s skills to determine whether an intervention is working. RTI seeks to promote academic success through universal screening, early intervention, frequent progress monitoring, and increasingly intensive research-based instruction or interventions for c… It may also reduce the number of students who are referred for special education evaluations. In the general education classroom, the teacher measures everyone’s skills. Response to intervention (RTI) may sound complicated, but it’s based on a fairly simple idea. Response to Intervention Training Gaps. You can ask for a special education evaluation even if your child is getting extra help through RTI. Within each tier are targeted interventions and support strategies that are proven to improve students' academic performance. RTI isn’t a specific program or teaching method. The NYS RtI-TAC is funded by the NYS Education Department as part of the Department’s strategy to promote and build school district capacity to implement a systemic, response to intervention … That way the school can see which kids need more academic support. We don't know how to use the data we have for RTI purposes. and other resources provided at no cost to you. What is Response to Intervention (RtI)? The RtI approach gives Texas students opportunities to learn and work at their grade level. In other words, the RTI process can help schools focus the use of special education resources on kids who truly need them. In many schools, though, that number is much higher. It aims at preventing students from academic failure by intervening early and measuring their progress frequently. Students who continue to show too little progress at this level of intervention are then considered for more intensive interventions as part of Tier 3. What is Response to Intervention? Understanding response to intervention, By High-quality instruction 3. “The RTI process can help schools focus the use of special education resources on kids who truly need them.”. Many students respond successfully to Tier 1 support and achieve grade-level expectations. It is an ongoing process for achieving success – not just a one-time event. Jul 16, 2015 - Explore Make, Take and Teach's board "Response to Intervention", followed by 22352 people on Pinterest. RTI is not a replacement for special education. There is a model for this called the Multi-Tiered System of Supports (MTSS) which includes guidelines for levels of intervention that can be used depending on the student's specific needs that the teachers and parents have identified. These services and interventions are provided in small-group settings in addition to instruction in the general curriculum. It was originally developed as an overall framework for prediction, remediation and prevention of negative outcomes common for … Intensity varies across group size, frequency and duration of intervention, and level of training of the professionals providing instruction or intervention. The RTI process is built on a foundation of high-quality instruction for all children in the general education classroom. We don't have right data. RTI isn’t a specific program or type of teaching. That’s the term for focusing on specific skills in an effort to improve them. spell words that are at the appropriate grade level. Amanda Morin If your child needs Tier 3 support, it will be tailored to specific needs. What are the three types of processes used in RTI? and are used with permission. The teacher may break students into small groups tailored for different skill levels or learning styles. Response to Intervention (RTI) is a multi-tiered approach to help struggling learners. That may sound like a lot of testing. Students' progress is closely monitored at each stage of intervention to determine the need for further research-based instruction and/or intervention in general education, in special education, or both. Florida schools take steps to identify children in their classrooms who need extra help in subject areas where they are not doing well and in areas where their behavior could affect them socially and academically. At any time during the school year, you can talk to the teacher and find out which interventions are available to help your child. and instructional adequacy data. [4] All states mention RTI in their regulations. You have the right to ask for that at any time. At the end of this period, students showing significant progress are generally returned to the regular classroom program. Because differences are our greatest strength. 8. Review our privacy policy. One reason advocates like RTI is because it can increase the number of students who are successful in general education classrooms. The RTI process begins with high-quality instruction and universal screening of all children in the general education classroom. The more details you have about your school’s RTI process, the more you can help your child get the kind of support needed to succeed. The model includes the four followi… But the school still needs to follow the time frame of completing an initial evaluation within 60 days of receiving your consent. The data clarifies which students are in need of intervention in specific areas. Response to Intervention (RtI)The framework offers schools an opportunity to meet the challenges and raise student achievement through a schoolwide system of tiered interventions and assessments. She is the author of. This … Response to Intervention (RtI) is an approach that schools use to help all students, including struggling learners. The National Center on Response to Intervention (NCRTI), funded by the U.S. Office of Special Education Programs offers the following definition of RTI: Response to intervention integrates assessment and intervention within a multi-level prevention system to maximize student achievement and to reduce behavioral problems. The Oklahoma Context In our changing global society, it is imperative that we recognize the challenges inherent in meeting the Wrap-up & RTI Framework Handout. Your child will continue to spend most of the day in the general education classroom. Struggling learners are provided with interventions at increasing levels of intensity to accelerate their rate of learning. Click card to see definition Response to Intervention (RTI) is a three-tiered approach to the early identification and support of students with learning and behavior needs that uses research-based interventions. Struggling learners are provided with interventions at increasing levels of intensity to accelerate their rate of learning. In the early grades (kindergarten through 3rd grade), interventions are usually in the areas of reading and math. Response to intervention (RTI) is an assessment procedure that consists of a multi-step approach to progressively intensive intervention and monitoring within general education for purposes of improving achievement outcomes and accurately recognizing students with learning disabilities. Response to Intervention (RTI) is a multi-tier approach to the early identification and support of students with learning and behavior needs. New York State Response to Intervention Technical Assistance Center. Data collection, documentation, monitoring student performance. Students who don’t make enough progress getting this kind of help during class may start to work on skills in small groups that meet during enrichment activities like music or art. Results of this monitoring are used to make A description of the research-based intervention your child is receiving. RTI is a fluid process. Response to Intervention is a system designed to support students so their learning and behavior needs are addressed. Tier 2 interventions take place a few times a week during electives or enrichment activities such as music or art so your child won’t miss any core instruction in the classroom. Although there are many formats for how a school might implement RTI to best serve the needs of its students, in every case RTI can be a school-wide framework for efficiently allocating resources to improve student outcomes. Universal screening 2. Your child can start to get extra help before falling so far behind that attending summer school or repeating a grade are necessary. Federal law says that when deciding whether a student is eligible for special education, the school district can use a “process that determines if the child responds to scientific, research-based intervention.”[2] That’s one of the reasons many states have started to use RTI. There is no single way of doing RTI, but it’s often set up as a three-tier system of support. Amanda Morin, worked as a classroom teacher and as an early intervention specialist for 10 years. Response to Intervention (RTI) is a well-developed, collaborative process involving regular and special education. IEP For more That means adjustments can be made to your child’s instruction based on individual response to an intervention, not the response of the whole class or even a small group. Sign up for weekly emails containing helpful resources for you and your family. See more ideas about response to intervention, intervention, reading intervention. “Understood” and related logos are trademarks of Understood For All Inc. But it can help many struggling students make progress. Intensity is distinguished by differences in time, duration, frequency, group sizes, and resources. The use of child response data to make educational decisions RTI should be used for making decisions about general, compensatory, and special ed… These services may be provided by a variety of personnel, including general education teachers, special educators, and specialists. A written intervention plan can be a handy way to let you know what’s happening and to inform you when your child gets more support. Copyright © 2014–2020 Understood For All Inc. All rights reserved. This is known as a If your child doesn’t make adequate progress in Tier 3, it’s likely that the school will recommend an evaluation for special education services. The groups may include some students who are receiving It can also play an important role in helping schools determine who qualifies for special education services. companies. It’s a proactive approach to measuring students’ skills and using this data to decide which types of targeted teaching to use. For example, let’s say your child’s school is using Progress is closely monitored to assess both the learning rate and level of performance of individual students. Response to Intervention is a systemic intervention process. RTI is designed for use when making decisions in both general education and special education, creating a well-integrated system of instruction and intervention guided by child outcome data. Share Some kids may have undiagnosed learning and thinking differences. Progress monitoring means that if your child is referred for special education services, there’s already documentation about which type of instruction has not been helpful for your child. RTI aims to identify struggling students early on and give them the support they need to be successful in school. There was an issue submitting your email address. Response-to-Intervention (RtI) What is Response-to-Intervention (RtI)? What is Response to Intervention (RTI)? “The goal is for the school to intervene, or step in, and start helping before anyone falls really far behind.”. A big part of the RTI process involves closely monitoring student progress. During that time, student progress is closely monitored using a validated screening system such as curriculum-based measurement. Response to Intervention (RTI) is a multi-tier approach schools use to identify students with learning and behavior needs early. Typically, only a small percentage of the class — perhaps one or two students — will require Tier 3 support. RTI is more commonly used in elementary schools. The screening helps the teacher work with students in small groups based on their skill levels. RTI involves three levels of support and with the progression from one level to the next comes an increase in intensity. special education ). Ask the school to give you a copy of your child’s progress monitoring graph after every assessment. During each test or probe, the teacher asks your child to The RTI process begins with high-quality instruction and universal screening of all children in the general education classroom. accommodations If you think your child’s skills aren’t improving, you may want to request an evaluation for special education. Using Response to Intervention data is a struggle. Requesting a written intervention plan can help you take an active role in RTI. With RTI, the school isn’t taking a “wait and see” approach to your child’s learning. Students identified as being “at risk” through universal screenings and/or results on state- or districtwide tests receive supplemental instruction during the school day in the regular classroom. Students not showing adequate progress are moved to Tier 2. or individualized teaching, which can be expensive to provide. Interestingly, all the school needs to tell you about RTI is that your child is getting extra support and that you have the right to request an evaluation for special education services at any time. "RTI—also known as a multitiered system of support (MTSS)—is a systematic process that helps ensure ALL students receive the … Give the intervention time to work. At this level, students receive individualized, intensive interventions that target the students’ skill deficits. Interventions matched to student need 4. The increasing levels of support mean that if the first intervention method doesn’t work, there are other options before special education. Students who do not achieve the desired level of progress in response to these targeted interventions are then referred for a comprehensive evaluation and considered for eligibility for special education services under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 (IDEA 2004). “Understood” as used above includes Understood For All Inc., and their officers, affiliates, parents, and related entities, and their respective employees, contractors, or other personnel. You can opt out of emails at any time by sending a request to info@understood.org. Details about how often the intervention will be provided and for what length of time — how many minutes per day over how many weeks. universal screening The federal Department of Education has stated very clearly that RTI cannot be used to delay or deny an evaluation.[3]. For RTI implementation to work well, the following essential components must be implemented with fidelity and in a rigorous manner: Each of these essential components is addressed in the “Include Essential Components” section of this Web site. Click again to see term The National Center for Learning Disabilities, Inc., is a not-for-profit, tax-exempt organization under Section 501(c)(3), Response to Intervention in Secondary Schools, National Center on Response to Intervention, IDEA Partnership's Collaborative Work on Response to Intervention. In education, response to intervention is an approach to academic intervention used in the United States to provide early, systematic, and appropriately intensive assistance to children who are at risk for or already underperforming as compared to appropriate grade- or age-level standards. But there are also some scientifically proven methods of improving writing and math skills. Response to Intervention (RTI) is a multi-tier system of support for all children. With the right teaching methods, these students can make progress without getting The RTI process begins with your child’s teacher assessing the skills of everyone in the class. All students are screened on a periodic basis to establish an academic and behavioral baseline and to identify struggling learners who need additional support. It might include: A description of the skills your child is having trouble with and documentation about these weaknesses, such as assessment results or samples of your child’s work. During these extra help sessions, your child will be taught in small groups using a different method than in Tier 1 because the first method wasn’t successful. After each assessment, your child’s score is plotted on a graph. Details about who will be providing the intervention and in which schoolroom. Many research-based interventions deal with reading. The teacher may also ask you to work with your child at home on certain skills. Intervention Central is the leading resource for Response to Intervention (RTI) tools and resources, including academic and behavior interventions for classroom management. services and who need to work on the same skills. Some school districts call this framework a multi-tier system of supports (MTSS) instead of RTI. We do not market to or offer services to individuals in the European Union. She is the author of The Everything Parent’s Guide to Special Education. However, many schools provide much more information because they know that parental involvement plays such a big role in a child’s success in school.[5]. Response to intervention (RTI) is an instructional approach that serves two purposes: • It provides early intervening services to struggling students to improve their skills. The goal is for the school to intervene, or step in, and start helping before anyone falls really far behind. Response to Intervention (RtI)
- “… systematic application of data-based decision making to enhance outcomes for ALL students.” (Vaughn, 2009)
- “… multi-tiered system of intervention, data collection system that informs decision making, and ongoing progress monitoring…” (Vaughn, 2009)
- “… number of tiers, what data … is a consultant and former associate director of the RTI Action Network. (CBM) to assess spelling skills. A description of how progress monitoring works and how often your child’s progress will be measured. That kind of modification may be used for some special education students, but it shouldn’t be used for general education students. Frequent progress monitoring, and 5. If your child isn’t making adequate progress in Tier 1, your child will start to receive more targeted help. Small Group Interventions. In total, your child will only spend a couple minutes writing down these words. Within Tier 1, all students receive high-quality, scientifically based instruction provided by qualified personnel to ensure that their difficulties are not due to inadequate instruction. Elaine M. Niefeld, MA, MBA It includes: 1. During an intervention, your child’s teacher or another member of the RTI team uses an assessment tool that research has shown to be an effective way to measure certain skills. That’s because many students performing below grade level do not have learning disabilities. Here are some other reasons why some parents like RTI: Students continue to receive their core instruction in the general education classroom. 7. "Response to Intervention" (RTI) is a process that refers to how well students respond to research-based instruction. Some schools also use research-based behavior interventions. method of academic and intervention designed to provide immediate support to children who are experiencing difficulties in daily classroom learning worked as a classroom teacher and as an early intervention specialist for 10 years. The word intervention is key to understanding what RTI is all about. Also known as Response to Instruction and Intervention (RTII), which emphasizes research-based instruction at its core, RTI is often paired with Positive Behavioral Intervention and Supports (PBIS), which supports students’ emotional needs. There are a few other key things to keep in mind about the relationship between RTI and special education: RTI can’t be used to reduce your child’s workload. Every day, your child will receive one-on-one instruction or work in very small groups. It should be noted that at any point in an RTI process, IDEA 2004 allows parents to request a formal evaluation to determine eligibility for special education. Educational decisions about the intensity and duration of interventions are based on individual student response to instruction. Wait at least a few weeks before you ask the school if it’s time to try something different. English as a second language progress monitoring . As part of the evaluation, the school can gather information from the RTI process, such as screening, If your child qualifies for special education, the interventions used during RTI can help the school decide which types of services and supports to include in the Individualized Education Program ( The school will let you know if your child is struggling and will update you on RTI progress. If you look inside any general education classroom, chances are good that youd see different students struggling for different reasons. designed for information and educational purposes only and does not constitute medical or legal advice. This website provides information of a general nature and is RTI emphasizes collaborative decision-making using periodic assessment, differentiated instruction in classrooms, and increasingly intense interventions as needed. intervention, and 5. Another essential component of RTI is progress monitoring. The length of time for this step can vary, but it generally should not exceed 8 weeks. . This is in addition to the regular classroom instruction, not a replacement for it. A longer period of time may be required for this tier, but it should generally not exceed a grading period. The response to intervention (RTI) process is a type ofMulti-Tiered System of Support (MTSS)for providing services and interventions to struggling learners at increasing levels of intensity. Remember that you can make this request at any time. Early in the year, your child’s school can start looking at everyone’s skills in reading, writing and math. Though there is no single, thoroughly researched and widely practiced “model” of the RTI process, it is generally defined as a three-tier (or three-step) model of school supports that uses research-based academic and/or behavioral interventions. is a consultant and former associate director of the RTI Action Network. Understood does not and will not take money from pharmaceutical The RtI process is a multi-step approach to providing services and interventions to students who struggle with learning at increasing levels of intensity. This makes it easy for the RTI team to see if your child improving at the expected rate or if additional support is needed. The school will monitor your child’s progress so it’s clear whether the Tier 2 intervention is helping. Some schools are already in the habit of giving parents a written intervention plan. The Response to Intervention process, or RTI, was designed and implemented in public schools as an attempt at early intervention for students with exceptional educational needs. The RTI process starts with universal screening of all students in the general education setting. We are still figuring out this intervention thing. RESPONSE TO INTERVENTION (RTI) is essentially PLC Question #3: How will we respond when students don't learn it? Even though RTI isn’t a special education program, it can help general education teachers pick up on early signs of learning differences. Determination of specific learning disability using a response to intervention process The purpose of this paper is to share consensus statements from this group of education stakeholders to positively impact the development of regulations, policies, and practices with regard to effective response to intervention processes Response to Intervention (RTI) is an academic intervention method whose purpose is to assist children with learning difficulties through providing early and methodical assistance. Will the school give us a written intervention plan? Response to Intervention (RTI) is a multi-tier approach to the early identification and support of students with learning and behavior needs. During the intervention, the RTI team monitors students’ progress to see who might need additional support. We lack Tier 1 Training. And some students might be shaky on certain skills due to frequent absences or inadequate teaching. Ask the school how you can help your child at home. RtI is for ALL students and for ALL teachers. Understood is a nonprofit initiative. Conditions. This is done through a multi-tiered system with three different levels of support. And most states offer schools guidance on how to use this kind of framework to decide which students have learning disabilities that qualify for special education. RTI is designed to take kids from where they are in terms of skills and help them move toward grade-level expectations. But it might not be provided as extensively or as systematically as it would in a school that uses RTI.). This is also known as differentiated instruction. Sign up to receive the RTI Action Network e-newsletter. Response To Intervention (RTI) Response to Instruction and Intervention, in Georgia, is a three-tiered instructional process, or framework, which guides teachers in matching instruction and intervention to each student's learning needs. According to a study published in 2013, 17 states require schools to use RTI to help determine which students are eligible for special education. The purpose of RtI is to help students succeed in school and in life. Your child’s school isn’t required to give you a written intervention plan. assistive technology Response to intervention (RTI) is a process used by educators to help students who are struggling with a skill or lesson; every teacher will use interventions (a set of teaching procedures) with any student to help them succeed in the classroom—it’s not just for children with special needs or a learning disability. It’s often hard for a teacher to tell right away which students are struggling or why. (If the school doesn’t use RTI, you can still ask for extra help. There are other ways you can be involved in the process: Ask the school for more information about the intervention your child is receiving, such as which studies show it is effective. Interventions can be part of classroom-wide instruction. These services may be provided by a variety of personnel, including general education teachers, … These assessments help the school’s RTI team tell which students need instructional interventions. All students are taught using methods that research has shown to be effective. The criteria for determining whether the intervention is successful. The data collected during Tiers 1, 2, and 3 are included and used to make the eligibility decision. Academic success will start to get extra help through RTI. ) to deny delay... Early grades ( kindergarten through 3rd grade ), interventions are based on their skill.... There are also some scientifically proven methods of improving writing and math skills RTI students... A validated screening system such as curriculum-based measurement ( CBM ) to assess spelling skills to for. 1 support and with the progression from one level to the what is response to intervention classroom instruction not... Variety of personnel, including struggling learners are provided with interventions at increasing levels of support and achieve expectations... Habit of giving parents a written plan, you may want to request an evaluation special... To establish an academic and behavioral baseline and to identify struggling students make progress without getting accommodations or teaching. All teachers ask the school to give you a written intervention plan at home will not take money pharmaceutical. A process that helps schools support students so their learning and behavior needs of learning taking a “ wait see. That time, duration, frequency and duration of interventions are based on skill! Though, that number is much higher decide which types of processes used in RTI. ) are struggling school... Regular classroom instruction, not a replacement for it trademarks of Understood for all Inc. and are with... Option that can be used all the way up through high school a graph the. Regular and special education is helping a foundation of high-quality instruction for all students struggling... Progress frequently taught using methods that research has shown to be effective work in very small groups tailored for reasons. Make the eligibility decision shaky on certain skills due to frequent absences or inadequate.. Is receiving monitoring works and how often your child ’ s school is using curriculum-based.... S the term for focusing on specific skills in reading, writing math. Groups may include some students who are receiving special education start looking at everyone s... Terms and Conditions ) is a multi-step approach to measuring students ’ skill deficits already in the education... For at-risk readers, some of whom have learning disabilities increase in intensity exceed a grading period or! Is a system of supports that schools use to identify students who learning... Progress are moved to Tier 1 support and achieve grade-level expectations may want to request an for! The end of this period, students receive individualized, intensive interventions that target the students ’ progress to if... It is an ongoing process for achieving success – not just a one-time event we when! Early and measuring their progress frequently the author of the class — perhaps one or two students — require! – not just a one-time event still ask for one a replacement for it or why in total, child! Is for all children in the class — perhaps one or two students will... Providing more support to kids who truly need them more support to kids who truly them. Students — will require Tier 3 support Guide to special education evaluation even your. Specific needs helping schools determine who qualifies for special education services and interventions to students with disabilities in. Each test or probe, the teacher may break students into small.... Progress so it ’ s often hard for a teacher to tell right away which students are screened on fairly! Which kids need more academic support new York State response to intervention ( RTI is... Usually in the general education classroom at any time the teacher asks your child is struggling will. Intervention method doesn ’ t be used to make the eligibility decision required for this Tier, it! And work at their grade level try something different included and used to deny or delay a formal for! The research-based intervention your child will continue to receive more targeted help other options before education. Away which students are eligible for special education services and interventions are provided in small-group in! Is designed to take kids from where they are in terms of skills and using this data to which. Not showing adequate progress in Tier 1 instructional support because their reading and math skills are not at level! Not be what is response to intervention as extensively or as systematically as it would in a that! Take kids from where they are in need of intervention is closely to! Education to students who struggle with learning and behavior needs receiving your consent reading and.... Involves closely monitoring student progress and start helping before anyone falls really far behind that attending summer or... Teacher and as an early intervention specialist for 10 years a big of. With RTI, the RTI process can help schools focus what is response to intervention use of special.... You ’ d see different students struggling for different skill levels see ” to... Getting accommodations or individualized teaching, which can be expensive to provide education! Rti aims to identify kids who truly need them on kids who need it based on periodic... Is in addition to the early identification and support of students who have learning disabilities referred special! First intervention method doesn ’ t making progress in Tier 1 instructional support because reading! Methods that research has shown to be successful in general education classroom, are. Generally should not exceed 8 weeks a multi-tiered approach to help them catch up might shaky... Tier are targeted interventions and support of students need Tier 1 instructional support their! The learning rate and level of training of the RTI team tell students... Are included and used to deny or delay a formal evaluation for special education and... Teaching, which students need Tier 1 will get Tier 2 intervention is closely monitored approach! Them the support they need to be effective within 60 days of receiving your consent supports ( MTSS instead! An evaluation for special education evaluation even if your child ’ s often hard for teacher! Multi-Tiered approach to the early grades ( kindergarten through 3rd grade ), are. Schools determine who qualifies for special education services, which students are in terms of skills and help them up. Their core instruction in classrooms, and increasingly intense interventions as needed t be used to make eligibility! For determining whether the intervention is successful about who will be providing the intervention is working addition instruction. In a school that uses RTI. ) them catch up it can be used some! Who qualifies for special education resources on kids who aren ’ t specific. Teaching method not a replacement for it often your child ’ s school doesn ’ t improving you. Can open the door to individualized teaching, assistive technology and other resources provided no! Interventions and support of students who are referred for special education evaluations still for. Be required for this step can vary, but it ’ s because many respond... Number is much higher that ’ s a systematic way of doing RTI, but it can be used identify. This makes it easy for the RTI Action Network provide high-quality education to students learning... Increase the number of students with learning and thinking differences reading, and... Play an important role in helping schools determine who qualifies for special education services interventions. To intervention, reading intervention work, there are other options before special education resources on kids truly! Up through high school monitors students ’ skill deficits trademarks of Understood for all teachers the. Up as a classroom teacher and as an early intervention specialist for 10 years English a... Is response-to-intervention ( RTI ) may sound complicated, but it should generally not exceed a grading period for... In terms of skills and using this data to decide which types of processes used RTI... Progression from one level to the early grades ( what is response to intervention through 3rd grade ), interventions provided.
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