The main reason for its nutritional value is that even the bones of animals are thrown in the excreta which adds phosphorus and calcium to the manure. Construction of Since the topography of the area consists of very high slopes and rocky terrain's, wooden water channels are used at many places as water passes from one place to another. Good bottom soil and water quality are an essential ingredient for any successful aquaculture practices. Join us About the centre. Similarly, in a few other cases, mud is thrown in the air. Another method is the collection of spring water in small reservoirs scattered at intervals on the high uplands and then drawing water from these ponds when required (Fig. The choice of crop and rotation, completely depends on crops which require less volume of water. 2.1 Well planned Kuhl irrigation water distribution system. Handful of these plants are beaten up against the legs (occasionally a small apron is worn) to shake off most of the earth. Better water retention in combination with better protection against erosion means that reduced tillage is the dominant tillage system in dry agricultural areas such as the prairies of the USA and Canada. Biofencing with seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides). Glacial water in cold deserts of Himachal Pradesh which forms the prime source of sustaining life in the region is brought to the field by making Kuhls (Water Channels). Thirdly small soil clods are pressed and broken into finer particles and this way soil structure is improved. 2.1). It is a common practice in cold deserts and temperate wet Himalayas. Installing sediment and erosion control measures. In spring the moistened soil eases ploughing. 2.18). Drainage It is quite useful for land preparation in October-November and for the sowing of rabi crops like wheat, barley and pulses. The inhabitants of this entire region use cattle dung, shrubs and bushes as the main source of fuel. Väderstad Tempo is a new generation high-speed planter, delivering an unmatched precision at double the speed of traditional planters. It also helps in the moderation of soil temperature. 2.9) and in Spiti valley ladies bring water to their fields using Urma which is made from animals horn. In our traditional agriculture there is a common practice that during the preparation of a field the slope of a field, is kept inside which is provided with a channel to take excess water from that field to a safer place, from where it is disposed to stream or nalla through grassed water ways. Sometimes, a man may also sit instead of a heavy stone. The pitcher once filled, supply sufficient moisture for atleast two weeks and then again it is filled with water. Fibrous rooted shrubs and grasses planted as hedges along the contour of the land slow the runoff, weaken the erosive power of water and cause it to deposit its load of valuable soil behind the hedgerows. These flocks when taken for grazing are tied with small bags which cover their anal parts so that the excreta falls right into the bag. Uniform watering of the plants with equal flow, checks the nutrient loss from field to field and from one bed to another. These traditional practices continues unchanged. Secondly organic manure improves the soil structure, porosity and water holding capacity of the soils. This system is common in North-East regions of India. Then it is placed out in the open during summer in the form of heaps for further decomposition. This way the distribution of water is so well managed that maximum use of water takes place in a particular village. Use of ash in Ladakh. Secondly cattle dung is collected in heaps within cattlesheds during winter months, so that it decomposes under relatively high temperature conditions. This way these two families get a chance to irrigate their fields after a gap of 10 days rather than 20 days. Use Reduced tillage can often reap the benefits of this effect. bamboo pipes are commonly used as irrigation channels on depressions/small nala (Fig. Due to these immense manurial potentialities of cattle dung and urine, the use of this manure is very much popular among farmers. However, in some parts the wooden channels are also used which are put like a bridge over the path. In west Himalayan cold deserts, ploughing is generally carried out by dzos, however in sandy situations horses are employed for its speedy completion. Between these peaks, there is a minimum water evaporation case where the aggregates have a diameter of around 2mm. This practice is prevalent in west Himalayan cold deserts. Cover crops Soils. 2.26c Peoples' participation in FYM transport. For rotation, legumes are important as mixed crop. The ploughing of slopy lands from bottom to top also helps in soil conservation as it checks the loosened soil strata falling from the upper side to the lower. 2.6). Soil sampling and testing are essential to determine soil properties and fertility levels to make good management decisions about fertilizer, manure, and lime application rates. Soil is the most important component, as any effect on it, directly influences and changes other components. The ponds with time are sealed, with silt and clay particles thus infiltration/percolation losses are reduced and ponding time and volume of water is increased. In lower areas the bench terraces are known as "khet". In the hilly areas, ploughing is done, which aids in moisture conservation, as the soil acts as mulch. Where soil conservation and management fit into the broader context of the South Australian Natural Resource Management Act. The manure is broadcasted in the entire field, which is followed by ploughing for thorough mixing. A heavy stone is put on the maddim for increasing the pressure required for levelling. Use of kuhl water Soil is collected from cultivated land holdings and particularly from field bunds of sub-plots for mixing. Sheet erosion is more apparent in forest areas that are devoid of ground cover or wastelands with very few standing trees. 2.3). With aggregates of this size in a seedbed, a lid is put on and evaporation of water is minimised. Ploughs are broadened in Ladakh by attaching flat wooden pieces to both sides of the iron blade. Wooden water channels are also used for running water-flour mills. Use of Pang (Spang) Grass for Controlling Seepage and Side Losses in Water Tanks and Irrigation Kuhls. In the cold deserts of Himachal Pradesh, participatory management is employed for distribution of water. The Master's Degree in Soil and Water Management offers students cross-disciplinary training in the area of earth sciences, particularly in hydrology and edaphology applied to the sustainable use of natural resources, in agricultural and forestry environments, and in the conservation of the quality and quantity of the resources of water and soil. With the onset of summer months it is spread in the open field. In Kinnaur, covering the surface of soil with chilgoza tree needles and grass from the Kandas (hill tops) is a common mulching practice (Fig. It is also stored in dugout structures. In cold deserts, some villages get water for irrigating their lands from some perennial torrents. Statistic cookies help website owners to understand how visitors interact with websites by collecting and reporting information anonymously. As a result the runoff proceeds gently down the slope where hedges have been planted at the correct vertical interval without erosive effect In the foot hills, erosive capacity of stream flow is also reduced by spurs of loose boulders. In the entire Spiti valley, the first irrigation is done 40 days after sowing of crop takes place during April. The collection of dropping of sheep and goats by tieing bags is indicative of indigenous wisdom to meet out the shortage of manure. Use of loose boulders spurs for reducing soil erosion. These cookies are technically necessary for you to enjoy the websites and cannot be opted-out from. In dry temperate zone, kuhls (wooden water channels) are generally made by making notches at the natural water sources and the water is diverted to the fields for irrigation to different terraces, using the natural gravitational flow of water (Fig. In some areas this excess water is stored directly in the farm ponds, depression or stream flow or is diverted to safer points where it is stored (Fig. In addition to this, human excreta and household waste also contains good amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The existing resources are further declining due to heavy biotic pressure and lack of management of existing resources. In the lower areas of Himachal Pradesh during the rainy season, roof water is collected in dugout structures which are known as "diggi" in Kangra district and '"Khati" in Hamirpur and Bilaspur districts (Fig. Fig. The height of riser is again decided by the degree of slope. 2.7a/b). Farm yard manure is transported to the fields in Kilta (bamboo container) by people's participation (Fig. It is avoided during the flowering and seed setting stages of grasses. The size of aggregates in the seedbed controls the amount of water that can evaporate. In the West Himalayan cold deserts, all the irrigation channels (Kuhls) cannot be run satisfactorily due to non-availability of sufficient water from Nallas/Khads. In paddy growing areas the risers are erected to facilitate the pounding of water in the field. AGRIS/FAO database Biological Abstracts BIOSIS Previews CAB Abstracts CNKI Czech Agricultural and Food Bibliography DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals) EBSCO – Academic Search Ultimate Google Scholar J-GATE Journal Citation Reports/Science Edition, Current Contents®/Agriculture, Biology, and Environmental Sciences Science Citation Index Expanded® SCOPUS Web of Science® With an aggregate size of approx. The terraces are supported by risers of suitable heights and width. With this practice, there is very good seed soil contact and very good germination of the crops. Loose boulders diversion dam with spillway in the centre. In west Himalayan cold deserts, cultivation practices are confined to the levelled/flat lands only. for running water mills This practice also increases the fodder resource in winters. It is the product of decomposition of the liquid and solid excreta of livestock, stored in the sheds, pens and camps of livestock along with varying amounts of straws or other litter used as bedding. This can be demonstrated using pure aggregate sizes in a model experiment, see image. 2.19). along the contour (Fig. 2.10a, b & c). The only improvement that has been made is that the heaps of cow dung are well covered with something or the other in order to protect them from rains and snow. The grasses or weeds are beaten up and then soil is separated from these clods and collected in lower fields. This practice of removing weeds and grasses from bunds and corners by digging helps in weed control in the cultivated fields. 2.4 Available water content. for running water mills, Moisture conservation The amount of water in the soil is not the only concern in irrigation management – plants must be able to extract water from the soil. Very little plant material (stem and roots) is allowed to be left in the soil (in Ladakh) as a protective measure against the soil borne diseases. Evaporation of water from the soil surface after sowing is mainly controlled by the size of the aggregates in the seedbed. There is also an improvement in soil fertility as it contains 3% nitrogen, 1% phosphorus and 2% potassium. Secondly, in cucurbits the ash dust has been used to repel the insect pest of the crops. Barley and wheat stumps (in Zanskar) are pulled out by hand along with the complete root system. These channels are placed along the natural gradients. In Spiti valley, the farmers have developed the irrigation water distribution system on the basis of their land holdings, in which every field is irrigated timely. Wheat is often pulled out while standing, but kneeling or squatting is practiced for barley. Cultivation of levelled/flat lands for preventing soil erosion. water in fields, Use of kuhl water This appropriate soil conservation technique also helps in easy and timely ploughing for meeting the requirement of short growing season. 2.17c Traditional symmetrical terraces, Fig. The reason for the early maturity of cucurbits and vegetable crops is due to the fact that ash dust contains sufficient quantity of phosphorus in available form to the plants. Effective soil and water management are essential in order to optimise crop yields and maintain soil functionality for sustainable, profitable UK food production. NRCCA Soil and Water Management – Study Guide - 10/26/2016 2 Competency Area 1: Basic Soil Properties 1. 2.10c A tank of spring water 'Bawri'. The practice of keeping small heaps of manure in open field with soil coverage in high altitude zones helps in better decomposition due to the maintenance of better temperature conditions. Fig. There are chances of sheet erosion but with traditional knowledge, crop rotation is adopted in such a way that during peak runoff periods sowing of close growing crops provide protection to the soil. This method is time consuming and laborious. Soil management Due to this potential, it is considered good manure by the farmers. The roots of grasses help in drainage of excess water. From time immemorial, surface irrigation methods have been followed. In Ladakh, farmers regulate optimum irrigation by inserting a belcha (spade) in the soil If it is completely inserted (front portion), the land is considered to be properly irrigated. This practice prevents the washing off the upper fertile layers during irrigation. A mixture of kitchen ash and goat manure is used in kitchen gardens (Nubra valley) for growing potatoes. Fig. Latest soil and water news. The main objectives of soil and water conservation are to obtain the maximum sustained level of production from a given area of land by preventing soil degradation and environmental pollution. 2.18 Loose boulders spurs - reduce cutting effect of stream flow in 'choes', Use of loose boulders diversion dam with spillway in centre for reducing soil erosion. Figure below illustrates the fundamental relationship between water evaporation and soil particle/aggregate diameter. But two adjoining families may share the water for half day each when there is turn of either of the two families. Fig. In temperate areas of cold deserts crop cultivation without irrigation is not possible because precipitation takes place in the form of snowfall. Due to splash of rain drops particles are knocked loose and then carried away by the runoff. AHDB is looking for an arable farm … Organic manures derived from plant and animal resource, are valuable byproducts of farming and allied industries. The Gaddis are paid for this benefit. Soil scientists in the Dept. 2.4). sixth compartment is irrigated first followed by fifth and so on. Land resource includes soil, water, bio-diversity, and micro climate. 2.16). These hamlets are the worst off for water, for in the year of scanty snowfall, the streams dwindle quickly and dry up in the beginning of August. area is not wasted for weeds and grasses. This results in raising the height of channel in front of the first compartment than the channel in front of the second compartment and so on. Food is purchased from cooperative societies or private shops now a days. Distribution of kuhl In Ladakh and other regions standardized irrigation schedule for different crops is followed. Its multipurpose utility as a nitrogen fixer, checks against soil erosion, conservation of soil and moisture, source of fuelwood and indigenous drug (rich source of vitamin C) makes it a promising plants for eco-economic rehabilitation of the region. Soil management by crop residue harvesting. Fig. The night soil/human excreta possess immense manurial potentiality as it contains the major plant nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The bunds are again used for growing palatable grasses which is used as fodder for livestock and trees are meant for fuel, fodder and fibre. Soil & Water Solutions Ltd holds these competences and capability in-house and is ready to apply them to sites anywhere in the UK. Fig. Curved land ploughing for intensive land preparation; soil conservation and water retention. The impact of soil management on soil organic matter, soil structural stability, water quality and other important soil properties. To enhance the productivity, people in Kinnaur still use the farm yard manure. Soil water potential is an indicator or measure of the energy status of soil water relative to that of water at a standard reference3 and is often expressed as energy per unit of volume (in units of bars or centibars). Minimising the area of soil disturbed and exposed to erosion. Terracing of slopy lands helps in conserving soil and moisture and prevents soil erosion. This practice is common in the lower areas of Himachal Pradesh. Visiting adress:Väderstad ABHogstadvägen 2SE-596 36 Väderstad. Relatively high percentage of rain water goes as run-off and stream flow. In Bharmour area the practice of green manuring is localized in a few villages (paddy growing). The practice of using pitcher water as a source of irrigation on new fruit plantation in sandy loam/loamy sand soils, in areas of canty rainfall is prevalent in temperate districts of Himachal Pradesh. Kuhls are built along the hill gradient for maintaining proper gravity for irrigation and running water mills (Fig. Small holes are made at the internodes of open bamboo channels, from where water gets trickled down in the field. The practice of collecting soil from cultivated land and fields helps in easy ploughing during summer cropping. The intention is to display ads that are relevant and engaging for the individual user and thereby more valuable for publishers and third party advertisers. So there is no dispute regarding the maintenance of kuhls and irrigation water distribution. Complete insertion of the. In Ladakh, goat manure is considered to be more nutritious. Remember, if you do disable or delete cookies, you will not have access to the full functionality of our website. Fig. Preparation and implementation of Soil and Water Management Plans for larger sites. However, where the digging of channels is difficult or the channel has to pass through a village path, underground channels covered with slates are constructed. The traditional means of manure are as follows: ii) The leaves and grasses which were used as bedding for the animals, got soaked with the excreta/urine of livestock and were then collected periodically. Tillage breaks up soil structure , destroys soil biological life , buries residue cover , and reduces soil moisture . The soil can be compared to a water reservoir for the plants. In the initial stage of watering vegetables, people bring water to their fields with the help of buckets (Fig. The river bed soils are used for raising crops (Fig. The irrigation channels (kuhls) are diverted from river tributaries by making use of the natural gradients thus the level of water is higher than that of the cultivated fields. Soil and Water Management & Crop Nutrition. This method is very common in lower areas of Himachal Pradesh (Fig. 2.2 "Kuhl" - open channel irrigation system. This moisture is well retained by soil. If crop seems yellow in colour "Gep Chu" is delayed. In this way there is an overall improvement in physical, chemical and biological properties like microbial population etc., which has increased the size of potatoes. The pitcher is filled with water during summer months (April-June) and stone/slate lid is placed on the top. It has been observed that dusting of material in the fields enhance early maturity and high yield of vegetable crops. Such an indigenous technology for field levelling is called planking. The biofence of seabuckthorn being thorny in nature protects crop from stray animals. In addition to supporting our agricultural needs, we rely on the soil to regulate the flow of rainwater and to act as a filter for drinking water. On an average 125 to 250 qtls of manure is used per acre by the farmers throughout the Kinnaur region. from old ages protein rich pulses are part of cropping pattern. in large tanks and ponds for agricultural purposes is widely adopted. After monsoon the humidity remains quite high (85%) in the atmosphere. The roots are made to stay in soil for humus production. In the west Himalayan cold deserts, ash dust is a product obtained after the combustion of fuelwood. With the traditional knowledge, farmers are keeping the risers toward inner slopes. All efforts are made to collect and use animal dropping and for their subsequent decomposition along with the leaves and grasses which are used in manuring the crops. This indigenous plough is preferred over the one available in the market. 2.6 Irrigation water distribution with provision of indigenous control system. But this method is too laborious and time consuming. Its splitting into pieces shows proper irrigation. Mulching conserves soil moisture in the fields. Kuhls are commonly found in West Himalayas cold deserts. Secondly area under crops remains the same as that of previous crop i.e. In Kinnaur and other regions, nallas passing through a village are harvested on turn basis called pala. kuhls (water channels), Distribution of kuhl In the hill region, the scope of boring tubewells, canals and even lift irrigation is limited, such facilities are confined to the low laying areas. Methods of irrigation During night time, temperature falls down sharply resulting in the formation of more water molecules from vaporous. The spreading of this mixture as an organic manure, increases the size of potatoes on account of optimum supply of nutrients in otherwise nutrient deficient soils. It is not a damaging form of erosion, mainly because it is often not recognised and seldom treated. If rain does not fall after sowing, the water present in and under the seedbed is critical for how well the new crop can establish. Systems was the first to: incorporate total GPS grade control on a farm drainage plow in the 90’s! Flooding the fields with the glacial water for improving crop productivity is also common. Amongst the manures, the cowdung is preferred the most. through mulching At the first turn of irrigation, first compartment is irrigated; followed by second and so on. In principle, this is the same phenomenon as when a saucepan of water boils on a hob and loses water in the form of steam. 2.27). The whole community is divided on the basis of number of farm families and one family gets one full water day to irrigate their fields turnwise. iii) Increased size of potatoes through the use of ash and goat manure. Soil and Water Management: Controlling Excess Water • Surface water –Structures to safely remove water (e.g. This evaporation of water can often be seen with the naked eye as wet soil is heated by the sun’s rays, as shown above. However, the colour position is blackish "Gep Chu" is hastened. The sheet erosion result into rill and gullies which are controlled by very cheap treatments. The Philippines' Bureau of Soils and Water Management (Filipino: Kawanihan ng Pamamahala sa Lupa at Tubig, abbreviated as BSWM), is an agency of the Philippine government under the Department of Agriculture responsible for advising and rendering assistance on matters relative to the utilization of soils and water as vital agricultural resources. 2.14a Village water pond where Pang (spang) grass is used. Appropriate nutrient and amendment applications can increase crop yield, reduced input cost, and minimize environmental impact. Fig. Use of maddim (a plain wooden structure) for field levelling. The dung is put outside the house in a heap form in lower areas, whereas, in upper areas, it is directly put in small heaps in the fields (Fig. 2.28). The coarse grains like 'phaphra', 'chulai' are also grown very commonly which are very rich in nutrition. The fields are well protected with biofence of thorny shrubs or their cut pieces. Plant residues such as straw also affect the amount of water that evaporates from the soil. Actually with the addition of goat excreta, there is improvement in the physical properties like soil structure, water holding capacity and porosity. Much of the plant food removed by the crops is restored to the soil through the application of organic manures. In upper Kinnaur, the channels (kuhls) are simply dug in the ground to regulate the flow of water. Mixing of ash with household waste and human excreta aids in nutrient availability and recycling. The mouth of first compartment is closed to regulate the flow of water towards the second compartment (Fig. Flooding of glacial water for higher crop productivity. The pneumatic seed drill Spirit carries out levelling, seedbed preparation, reconsolidation, seeding and pressing in one pass. In this way hydro-thermal regime of soil is improved. Water from these ponds is used for irrigating crops and also for drinking purposes. Generally, the ground floor in each house is used as a cowshed so that animals can be looked after in a better way during winter months. Most of our Agricultural/Horticultural activities are carried on under rainfed conditions and this require proper management of available water to be conserved for dry periods. This technology seems to have twofold functions of saving labour and that of stabilizing the loose sandy strata in one ploughing action, which suits the small terraces. Introduction 1.1 Purpose and Application This Soil and Water Management Plan (the Plan) is a key element of the overall Construction Environmental Management Plan (CEMP) and describes how John Holland will manage Fig. Have a self-propelled drainage plow with AutoSteer, 2010. In this system of irrigation bamboo channels (open) are used for irrigating the fields (Fig. Water harvesting methods Kuhls are a time tested community made water channels for sharing the glacial water for ensuring cent per cent irrigation in otherwise dry and porous soils. The technique for the preparation of kuhls for irrigation purposes seems to have originated since Babylonian times, it is still one of the commonest ways of bringing water to the crops. This website uses cookies to optimise the function of the website, to analyse our traffic and to adapt it to your requirements as a visitor. This is the traditional organic manure and is most readily available to the farmers. In Spiti valley, organic manuring is done once a year because of mono-cropping pattern in the months of September-October after the crop. This practice is prevalent in Spiti and other regions. Leaves and twigs of wild bushes such as basuti and kaimal are used. Not only roof water but also surface water is collected in dugout structures. kuhls (water channels) It is worth mentioning that here animals are kept primarily to meet the need of manure. Some soil moisture characteristics. The management of water in a particular field is regulated by apportioning into different compartments because of the season. Yak loads of this yellowish/dark brown coloured soil are scattered in the fields. The daily per capita availability of night soil, human urine and nutrients contained in it is as under: This data shows that night soil and human urine have a great manurial potential with regard to nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. According to most farmers the sheep and goat dung may lead to burning of crops if applied in excess. The terraces are constructed across the slope i.e. Organic manures which is bulky in nature but supply the plant nutrients in small quantities are termed as bulky organic manures e.g. This also helps to carry out other field operations including proper use of irrigation water for checking the surface runoff. The turn of a family comes/starts around 2000 to 2200 hrs on a particular day and all the members of the family are engaged in the job on its turn. A second maximum in evaporation rate is reached when the aggregate size exceeds 50mm, which is often the case in soils with high clay content. 2.17h Bench terrace fortified with vegetative measures. Soil management practices can be classified as those affecting tillage, placement, and incorporation of residue and nutrients. These bundles are then piled up like the tiles of a roof. In west Himalayan cold deserts, fields are irrigated in autumn so that the top layer is prevented from being blown away. The same method is adopted to irrigate the following compartment. In the hills, rains are erratic and torrential. These channels are made by making a deep grove in the tree trunk or a thick branch. 2.17f Crop field terraces and community forestry, Fig. Thus, irrigation during critical stages results in the maximization of crop yield as well as water use efficiency. The website's functionality is, to some extent, dependent on cookies. The richest manure is called Chaksa which comprises of human excreta and is collected in separate dry latrine pit. In the hills, there is traditional practice to plough the fields early in the morning before dew or fog water is evaporated. Ash primarily meets the deficiency of potash. In the lower areas of H.P. In cold deserts of Himachal Pradesh, barley and buckwheat (in double cropping farming system) are also pulled out by roots.
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